Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia                   

          Hyperkalemia is defined as a plasma potassium level of greater than 5.0 mmol per liter.

• Potassium concentration within human cells is approximately 70 mmol per liter, extracellular potassium concentration is normally 3.5 to 5.0 mmol per liter.
  
  
           Normal Potassium (k+) Levels : 3.5 - 5.0 mmol per liter.
  
  
  Mild hyperkalemia (>5.0 to 5.9 mmol per liter) :
  It requires monitoring and the avoidance of a high intake of potassium.
  
  
  Moderate hyperkalemia ( 6.0 to 7.0 mmol per liter ) "
  Greater degrees of hyperkalemia  
  
  
  Marked hyperkalemia (More than 7.0 mmol per liter)
  May lead to cardiac arrhythmias.

1. Calcium is indicated in all patients with hyperkalemia.

2. Calcium acts as a myocardial protective agent and stabilizes the heart from the deleterious effects of high potassium.

3. Calcium raises the activation threshold potential and restores the gradient between the resting membrane potential and threshold potential.

4. IV calcium acts rapidly and its actions last about 30-45 minutes. Constant monitoring of the ECG is required in all patients with hyperkalemia.

Medical Management :

Ecg Changes in Hyperkalaemia

• T wave will be in Peak stage ( T wave height more than 5 boxes )

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• Multiple Choice Questions On Hyperkalemia

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SAMPLE STAFFNURSE QUESTION PAPERS-06

SAMPLE STAFFNURSE QUESTION PAPERS

1. Rhythms require permanent pacing in patients with cardiac disorders include:
A. Supraventricular tachycardia
B. Second-degree Av block : Mobiz Type I
C. Complete heart block
D. Wolf-Parkinson White syndrome
2.The controlling or master gland(s) of the body is(are) the
A) adrenal medulla and cortex
B) testes and ovaries
C) hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
D) pancreas
E) thyroid and parathyroid
3.The endoithelium is located in the
A tunica interna
b tunica media
c tunica externa
d vasa vsorum
4.The histology is the study of
A cell and membrane b skin
B organs d tissue
5.The caloric density of alcohol is ____ kcals per gram.
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
6.Pulmonary tuberculosis is more common in following associated disease except
A. Aids
B. Diabetes
C. Chronic renal failure
D. Mitral stenosis
7.Most common site of matastasis in the lungs carcinoma is
A. Brain
B. Kidney
C. Adrenal
D. Testes
8.In primary tuberculosis, all of the following may be seen except
A. Cavitation
B. Caseation
C. Calcification
D. None
9.All of the following feature seen in the viral pneumona except
A. Presence of interstitial inflamation
B. Predominance of alveolar exudate
C. Bronchiolitis
D. Multinucleate giant cell in the bronchiolar wall
10.Burr cell is seen in
A.uremia
B. Hepatocellular carcinoma
C. Gastric carcinoma
D. Ovarian carcinoma


11.Absence of intra hepetic bile duct leads to which syndrome
A. Von meyenburg complexes
B. Polycystic liver disease
C. Caroli disease
D. Alagille syndrome
12.Which of the following famous Indian Scientists has/have been named amongst the top 10 Global Scientists by Nature Magazine?
Radhika Nagpal
K. Radhakrishnan
Both A & B
None of the above
13.Andrea with suspected rheumatic fever is admitted to the pediatric unit. When obtaining the child’s history, the nurse considers which information to be most important?
a. A fever that started 3 days ago
b. Lack of interest in food
c. A recent episode of pharyngitis
d. Vomiting for 2 days
14.When assessing a child’s cultural background, the nurse in charge should keep in mind that:
a. Cultural background usually has little bearing on a family’s health practices
b. Physical characteristics mark the child as part of a particular culture
c. Heritage dictates a group’s shared values
d. Behavioral patterns are passed from one generation to the next
15.While examining a 2-year-old child, the nurse in charge sees that the anterior fontanel is open. The nurse should:
a. Notify the doctor
b. Look for other signs of abuse
c. Recognize this as a normal finding
d. Ask about a family history of Tay-Sachs disease
16.The nurse is aware that the most common assessment finding in a child with ulcerative colitis is:
a. Intense abdominal cramps
b. Profuse diarrhea
c. Anal fissures
d. Abdominal distention
17.When administering an I.M. injection to an infant, the nurse in charge should use which site?
a. Deltoid
b. Dorsogluteal
c. Ventrogluteal
d. Vastus lateralis
18. A patient came to the hospital he is injury from occipital bone which is the most effective organ effect
A lungs
B heart
C eye
D kidney
19.Most common "primary" Tumor of heart is ?
A. Rhabdomyoma
B. Fibroma
C. Myxoma
D. Lipoma
20.Which of anti effective vitamin
A vit.A
B vit. B
C vit .C
D VIT E
21. Most common cause of blindness in India
A. glucoma
B.cataract
C. eye injury
D. all of them

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STAFF NURSE MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

1. The most common cause of intestinal obstruction is:
A. Adhesions
B. Hernia
C. Volvulus
D. Neoplasms

2.Apical pulse is is taken by placing the diaphragm of the stethescope at the area of
A. Right atrium
B. Right ventricle
C. Pulmonic valve
D. Mitral area

3. Which of the following beverages can be included in the menu of a patient with myocardial infarction?
A. Coffee
B. Tea
C. Cola
D. Lemonade

4.A patient is undergoing cardiac catheterization. Which of the following sensations reported by the patient during the procedure has the highest priority?
A. Pressure at the insertion site
B. Urge to cough
C. Warm, flushed feeling
D. Chest pain

5. Bruce protocol is related to:
A. CABG
B. Echocardiaogram
C. Angiogram
D. Exercise ECG test

6. Intraaortic baloon pump therapy is most often used in the management of:
A. Congestive cardiac failure
B. Cardiogenic shock
C. Pulmonary edema
D. Aortic insufficiency

7. Which of tthe following listed assessment finding is typical of cardiac tamponade?
A. A pulse rate of 60 per minute
B. Flat neck veins
C. Muffed or distant heart sounds
D. A pulse pressure of 18/82 mmHg

8.Standard management for a patient with deep vein thrombosis includes:
A. Maintain affected limb in the dependent position
B. Apply cool packs to the affected leg for 20 minutes every 4 hours
C. Administer narcotic analgesic every 4 hours around the clock
D. Maintain bed rest

9.The type of ulcer which is deep, pale and surrounded by a tissue which is cool to touch is :
A. Venous stasis ulcer
B. Arterial ulcer
C. Stage 1 ulcer
D. Vascular ulcer

10.The American Heart Association recommended energy dose for defibrillation in ventricular fibrillation using a biphasic defibrillator is;
A. 200 J
B. 400 J

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